Herbert von Karajan

Herbert von Karajan (lahir Heribert Ritter[a] von Karajan; 5 April 1908 – 16 Juli 1989) adalah seorang konduktor Austria. Dia adalah konduktor utama Berlin Philharmonic selama 34 tahun. Selama era Nazi, ia memulai debutnya di Festival Salzburg, dengan Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, dan selama Perang Dunia Kedua ia tampil di Berlin State Opera. Umumnya dianggap sebagai salah satu konduktor terhebat abad ke-20, ia adalah tokoh kontroversial namun dominan dalam musik klasik Eropa dari pertengahan 1950-an hingga kematiannya. Salah satu alasannya adalah banyaknya rekaman yang dia buat dan ketenarannya selama hidupnya. Menurut perkiraan, dia adalah artis rekaman musik klasik terlaris sepanjang masa, diperkirakan telah menjual 200 juta rekaman. Suku Karajan adalah keturunan Yunani Makedonia. Kakek buyut Herbert, Georg Karajan (Geórgios Karajánnis, Yunani: Γεώργιος Καραγιάννης), lahir di Kozani, di provinsi Ottoman Rumelia (sekarang di Yunani), berangkat ke Wina pada tahun 1767, dan akhirnya Chemnitz, Elektorat Saxony. Nama belakangnya, seperti beberapa nama era Ottoman lainnya, mengandung awalan bahasa Turki "kara", yang berarti "hitam". Dia dan saudaranya berpartisipasi dalam pendirian industri kain Saxony, dan keduanya dimuliakan atas jasa mereka oleh Frederick Augustus III pada tanggal 1 Juni 1792, sehingga menambahkan awalan "von" pada nama keluarga. Penggunaan ini hilang dengan penghapusan bangsawan Austria setelah Perang Dunia I. Nama keluarga Karajánnis menjadi Karajan. Meskipun para penulis biografi tradisional menganggap ibunya berasal dari Slovakia dan Serbia atau sekadar Slavia, keluarga Karajan dari pihak ibu, melalui kakeknya yang lahir di desa Mojstrana, Kadipaten Carniola (sekarang di Slovenia), adalah orang Slovenia. Warisan Aromanian juga telah diklaim. Melalui garis keturunan Slovenia, Karajan berhubungan dengan komposer Slovenia-Austria Hugo Wolf. Dia juga sepertinya mengenal beberapa orang Slovenia. Heribert Ritter von Karajan lahir di Salzburg, Austria-Hongaria, putra kedua dari konsultan senior Ernst von Karajan (1868–1951) dan Marta (née Martha Kosmač; 1881–1954) (menikah tahun 1905). Dia adalah anak ajaib di piano. Dari tahun 1916 hingga 1926, dia belajar di Mozarteum di Salzburg bersama Franz Ledwinka (piano), Franz Zauer (harmoni), dan Bernhard Paumgartner (musik komposisi dan kamar). Dia didorong untuk berkonsentrasi dalam memimpin oleh Paumgartner, yang mendeteksi janjinya yang luar biasa dalam hal itu. Pada tahun 1926 Karajan lulus dari konservatori dan melanjutkan studinya di Akademi Wina, belajar piano dengan Josef Hofmann (seorang guru dengan nama yang sama dengan pianis) dan memimpin dengan Alexander Wunderer dan Franz Schalk. Karajan memulai debutnya sebagai konduktor di Salzburg pada tanggal 22 Januari 1929. Pertunjukan tersebut mendapat perhatian manajer umum Stadttheater di Ulm dan menyebabkan penunjukan pertama Karajan sebagai asisten Kapellmeister teater. Rekan seniornya di Ulm adalah Otto Schulmann. Setelah Schulmann terpaksa meninggalkan Jerman pada tahun 1933 dengan pengambilalihan NSDAP, Karajan dipromosikan menjadi Kapellmeister pertama. ... Sumber: Artikel "Herbert von Karajan" dari Wikipedia dalam bahasa Inggris, berlisensi CC-BY-SA 3.0.

Herbert von Karajan (born Heribert Ritter[a] von Karajan; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 34 years. During the Nazi era, he debuted at the Salzburg Festival, with the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and during the Second World War he conducted at the Berlin State Opera. Generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, he was a controversial but dominant figure in European classical music from the mid-1950s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate, he was the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, having sold an estimated 200 million records. The Karajans were of Macedonian Greek ancestry. Herbert's great-great-grandfather, Georg Karajan (Geórgios Karajánnis, Greek: Γεώργιος Καραγιάννης), was born in Kozani, in the Ottoman province of Rumelia (now in Greece), leaving for Vienna in 1767, and eventually Chemnitz, Electorate of Saxony. His last name, like several other Ottoman-era ones, contains the Turkish language prefix "kara", which means "black". He and his brother participated in the establishment of Saxony's cloth industry, and both were ennobled for their services by Frederick Augustus III on 1 June 1792, thus adding the prefix "von" to the family name. This usage disappeared with the abolition of Austrian nobility after World War I. The surname Karajánnis became Karajan. Although traditional biographers ascribed a Slovak and Serbian or simply a Slavic origin to his mother, Karajan's family from the maternal side, through his grandfather who was born in the village of Mojstrana, Duchy of Carniola (today in Slovenia), was Slovene. Aromanian heritage has also been claimed. Through the Slovene line, Karajan was related to the Slovenian-Austrian composer Hugo Wolf. He also seems to have known some Slovene. Heribert Ritter von Karajan was born in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, the second son of senior consultant Ernst von Karajan (1868–1951) and Marta (née Martha Kosmač; 1881–1954) (married 1905). He was a child prodigy at the piano. From 1916 to 1926, he studied at the Mozarteum in Salzburg with Franz Ledwinka (piano), Franz Zauer (harmony), and Bernhard Paumgartner (composition and chamber music). He was encouraged to concentrate on conducting by Paumgartner, who detected his exceptional promise in that regard. In 1926 Karajan graduated from the conservatory and continued his studies at the Vienna Academy, studying piano with Josef Hofmann (a teacher with the same name as the pianist) and conducting with Alexander Wunderer and Franz Schalk. Karajan made his debut as a conductor in Salzburg on 22 January 1929. The performance got the attention of the general manager of the Stadttheater in Ulm and led to Karajan's first appointment as assistant Kapellmeister of the theater. His senior colleague in Ulm was Otto Schulmann. After Schulmann was forced to leave Germany in 1933 with the NSDAP takeover, Karajan was promoted to first Kapellmeister. ... Source: Article "Herbert von Karajan" from Wikipedia in English, licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0.